Relative to other drugs, that is. In a CrookedTimber symposium on Steve Levitt, I offer a few speculative and possibly false hypotheses:
1. Heroin and pot make you sleepy. Crack gets you riled up.
2. Crack was a new drug when it hit the market. Gangs were competing to hook new buyers. This is a far more violent activity than serving established drug clientele.
3. In dollar terms crack was a "bigger" drug than ever before. The gross and the profit margins were bigger. The resulting turf wars over profits led to murders. It is not worth killing people over a few marijuana sales. (Yet still I find this puzzling. Falling prices have taken profits out of the market; the gangs must either have had an extraordinarily high discount rate or they behaved irrationally in killing each other. In the latter case we have no economic explanation at all for the hike in crime.)
4. Perhaps you buy other drugs from your friends, but you buy crack from dealers. (Most people get Ecstasy from their friends, and this market is not very violent.) The new question is then why this might be. Could crack somehow require less personal certification from trusted acquaintances?
Here is my full post. I have opened up comments for your ideas. Contributions from economically literate and (previously) violent crackheads are especially welcome.
On theory 3, remember that just because the price fell doesn’t mean that there was any good reason to think that it would at that time. Even if there was, look at who the violent dealers generally were, poor, inner-city youths. They probably expected to die young anyway, so yes, their discount rates would be (rationally) much higher than yours or mine.
I offer this comment as a former heroin addict and part-time crack-smoker:
I think a big part of the answer is related to hypothesis #1: opiates like heroin “suffer” from quickly-declining marginal utility – once you’ve used a bit of heroin, subsequent use just doesn’t do much for you.
On the other hand, any type of cocaine use, just like George Carlin once said, “makes you feel like doing some more cocaine.”
This also leads crack addicts to staying up later, and they tend to chase their drugs late at night, whereas opiate addicts tend to look for their drugs during the day. Most opiate addicts keep relatively normal sleep schedules, but most crack addicts I’ve known would stay up for days at a time, finally sleeping (crashing) during the day. Maybe drug use/purchasing at night is more ammenable to the commission of crime?
On an unrelated note, most of the crack dealers I knew were kids being driven around by their moms. Score another one for Freakonomics, I guess.
I hate to say this, but the answer here seems obvious to me – crack is strongly favored by young, inner-city black people, and as a group, this demographic is much more violent than the average American.
As you pointed out, the fact that crack makes you wired, cranky and irrational certainly contributes as well.
Powder cocaine and especially ecstacy are to some extent “social” drugs, frequently consumed at clubs or parties or other places where the users are happy and among friends. This may serve to limit violent action even though both drugs make users “riled up” in the same manner as crack.
In contrast, crack is more commonly used in solitary or otherwise non-social settings. Users are less likely to be among friends or in pleasant moods.
+1 #2. – and this looks like the most testable.
I would also guess that crack/cocaine drugs are like Meth, PCP and everything else goes in a different pile. Certainly something to #1.
The biggest problem with #1 is it describes an effect that crack has on users, whereas the overwhelming majority of crack-related crime is committed by dealers against other dealers, particularly gangs fighting over territory. Whether the drug those dealers are slinging is an upper or a downer shouldn’t, it would seem, matter to that story.
I think there are multiple sources for the correlation. First, make a distinction between highly addictive substances and those that aren’t. Comparing crack to pot or ecstasy is mostly useless for that reason. Nobody killed someone for an ecstasy fix who was not already predisposed to killing people.
Among the addictive substances, I think Mike hits on it. Crack is (to my understanding) highly correlated with particular socio-economic environments that are themselves already highly correlated with high crime rates.
You can read all the facts about the link between abortion and violent crime that Levitt doesn’t want you to think about at
http://www.iSteve.com/abortion.htm
Two more things to consider.
1. Previous illegal drugs were sold in houses with doors locked, blinds drawn. Crack is sold in open air markets that have to be defended against both competitors and police. The dealer may not have been a friend but the transaction wasn’t made so publicly either.
2. There is a precedent in Prohibition. I’d surmise that the reason that alcohol prohibition and crack prohibition differed from other drugs is that both spawned an entirely new organized crime force. The involvement of organized crime in heroin, marijuana and cocaine was by established organized crime families with established territories and existing rules of business. Crack markets, for whatever reason, weren’t Mafia controlled and resulted in the rise of new organized crime.
Finally, some reasoned comment from someone without an agenda. Nope, no agenda whatsoever. Just open minded scientific skeptical hypothesis-testing. Yes, sir.
“You can read all the facts about the link between abortion and violent crime that Levitt doesn’t want you to think about at…”
I have to ask; why doesn’t Levitt want me to think about things? Wouldn’t his book have been just as interesting if he showed that abortion causes an increase in crime. You can disagree all you like, but there’s no need to villify.
Mr. Sailer is arguing by using a lot of passive aggressive ad hominems and cui bonos. His choice of words says much more about what his agenda is than about Levitt:
“Levitt’s account … one-sided and misleading”
“concocted a half-baked theory”, “it got leaked”
“his book … egomaniacal and slapdash”
“Levitt has continued to hype his theory”
“he is well aware of its shortcomings”
As I understand, Mr. Sailer is argueing that Mr. Levitt is a hack who is selling his skills to a ‘commentariat conspiracy’:
“incentives facing Levitt”
“theory for which there was a large market”
“the commentariat”
“softball book reviews”
“social scientists want Levitt to triumph … because they hope it will open doors for them”
There is a not so subtle tone of megalomania in Mr. Sailers account:
“I invited Levitt to debate me”
“[to] debate with me, he refused. Most prudently, I would add.”
Mr Sailer,
your technical counter-argumentation is an interesting starting point, yet it seems that you did not come here merely to have a honest debate, but mostly to poop on Mr.Levitt.
To use your own cui bono argumentation, I suggest that there is an even larger “market for a theory” exacly opposite to Mr. Levitt’s. You are free to write your own book for that market and for its “commentariat” (townhall.com, NRO, etc.). The anti-abortionists will happily pay you any amount of money if you can proove that abortions are the root of all evil (crime).
Crack causes crime for one simple reason. Its illegal.
Prohibitive drug laws create criminals. People will do drugs, legal or not.
It’s definitely the nature of the drug. I would simply point out that the dramatic increase of meth use overlapping the ecstasy community has led to increased incidence of violence in traditional ecstasy communities. Meth, PCP, and crack are all similar in that they inhibit empathy, increase ego-driven behaviors, agression, and paranoia. There is plenty of clinical evidence to show that people on these substances do poorly on tests of agression. In other words, people who do these drugs are violent whether or not there is money in it, and most dealers ignore the rules about “don’t get high off your own supply”.
I have been an everyday user of Crack for 2 years. Prior to that i snorted coke. Total of 5-6 yeatrs of every day use. Yes I agree with the violence. It is a stereo typical idea. I myself have never even stole much less killes qanyone for it. Not all drug users are violent criminals. I do understand that most are,but you can not judge everyone. Crack is a hard drug to beat but I have come from using 1/4-1/2 oz a day to 1’2 g a day because I am determined to beat this and I refuse to let Crack take me down.
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