Grade inflation has not been constant through time. Mark Thoma at Economist’s View offers some hypotheses.
There are two episodes that account for most grade inflation. The first
is from the 1960s through the early 1970s. This is usually explained by
the draft rules for the Vietnam War. The second episode begins around
1990 and is harder to explain….My
study finds an interesting correlation in the data. During the time
grades were increasing, budgets were also tightening inducing a
substitution towards younger and less permanent faculty. I broke down
grade inflation by instructor rank and found it is much higher among
assistant professors, adjuncts, TAs, instructors, etc. than for
associate or full professors. These are instructors who are usually
hired year-to-year or need to demonstrate teaching effectiveness for
the job market, so they have an incentive to inflate evaluations as
much as possible, and high grades are one means of manipulating student
course evaluations.
But what are the consequences of grade inflation? A new study takes advantage of a tres bon experiment. In May of 1968 French students rioted, were suppressed by the police, but then joined by 10 million striking workers leading to a near revolutionary situation. To quiet things down many students that year were accepted to universities which in former and later years they would not have qualified for. What happened to those students?
Eric Maurin and Sandra McNally write:
We show that the lowering of thresholds at an early (and highly selective stage) of the higher education system enabled a significant proportion of students born between 1947 and 1950 (particularly in 1948 and 1949) to pursue more years of higher education that would otherwise have been possible. This was followed by a significant increase in their subsequent wages and occupational attainment, which was particularly evident for persons coming from a middle-class family background. Finally, returns were transmitted to the next generation on account of the relationship between parental education and that of their children.
The results are surprising but consistent with Bowen and Bok who argue that affirmative action did not harm minority students who were accepted at universities at which they would not have qualified based on grades alone.
I’m puzzled but not yet ready to retire my reputation as a tough grader – my best students deserve no less.
Comments are open.
The paper does not fit your conclusion. It shows a one-time, unanticipated shock to grades improves outcomes for the affected population. Absent an increase in educational opportunities (more seats available in higher education), the cohort benefits at the expense of the rest of the population.
There is a bottleneck at each level of education–x number of people will be admitted to graduate
school.
If absolute grading standards change it does not
significantly change the relative standing of those that qualify for the x number of spaces in graduate school.
Unless you change the number of places in each
level of school, grading standards should not
make much difference as long as relative standing determines who is admitted.
“If absolute grading standards change it does not significantly change the relative standing of those that qualify for the x number of spaces in graduate school.”
On the contrary, it erodes the ability to distinguish between students of varying degrees of skill. This means that relative standing becomes much harder to ascertain, as well as magnifying the effect of chance results; and that’s leaving aside concerns of whether rampant grade inflation will ultimately devalue the worth and meaningfulness of the grade itself.
Having recently from a small, New England institution that probably falls into the guilty category of grade inflation (at least in the Liberal Arts classes), I think it is important to account for dropped or withdrawn classes. I know at my school if your grade is low enough late in the semester (basically a C with a lower percentage chance of bringing the grade up to a B) most students would take the W, which basically means you dropped the class after the drop date. If the W’s were counted as C’s, perhaps it would marginally lower the GPAs at the elite institutions. Obviously, a W is easier to explain than a C when interviewing or for GPA viewing when applying to grad school. Does anyone out there know if the number of withdrawn courses has increased over the years?
The French experiment implies going to college is better than not going to college. Your study determined going to a college where you are above average is best. They are two different cases.
One big flaw in modern education is that the grade standard setters and the teachers are the same people. Tests should be written and graded by people independent of the teachers. The standards should be the same across colleges and throgh time for those topics which have highly objective and slowly changing bodies of basic knowledge.
The advantage of letting more people go through school without flunking out is that some of those who would have flunked out under tougher standards still learn something and some of them mature and become good students after a couple of years of partying.
Insetad of having letter grades it would make more sense to have numeric grades and then even the flunking students would be conmparable to each other. A person who flunks by one point is different than a person who flunks by 50 points. But lots of useful information is thrown out by the current grading system.
Also, the current system punishes those who attempt to learn more stuff at once by taking larger numbers of classes. Tests that are takable at any time and classes that are available on video would do much to allow the brightest and most ambitious and motivated to get educated in the fast lane.
The French study seems to support that higher education is little more than an effective signal to the (labor) market.
That is, the originally less qualified students’ (poorer) skills learned/gained as vetted by higher education would be predicted to show through. They should not be as successful as their ‘smarter’ peers. But the authors note:
this was followed by a significant increase in their subsequent wages and occupational attainment
Why aren’t all the topics open for discussion?
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cumfiesta –
cumshot circus –
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euro sex parties –
exploited black teens –
exploited moms –
first time auditions –
ftv girls –
fucking machines –
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ghetto hoochies –
give me pink –
gloryhole –
her first anal sex –
her first ass to mouth –
her first big cock –
her first lesbian sex –
his first gay sex –
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i spy camel toe –
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just adult movies –
just over eighteen –
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maximum orgy –
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mike in brazil –
mikes apartment –
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my sex tour –
naughty allie –
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pump that ass –
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tugjobs –
twinks for cash –
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we live together –
xxx proposal –
18 interracial –
8th street latinas –
all reality pass –
all sites access –
anal intensity –
ass parade –
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bang boat –
bare foot maniacs –
big league facials –
big mouthfuls –
big naturals –
big tit patrol –
big tits round asses –
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blacks on blondes –
blind date bangers –
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college fuckfest –
creampie surprise –
cumfiesta –
cumshot circus –
ebony candy –
ebony hunger –
euro sex parties –
exploited black teens –
exploited moms –
first time auditions –
ftv girls –
fucking machines –
gangbang squad –
ghetto hoochies –
gloryhole –
her first anal sex –
her first ass to mouth –
her first big cock –
her first lesbian sex –
his first gay sex –
his first huge cock –
hood hunter –
horny spanish flies –
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inthevip –
i spy camel toe –
jordan capri –
just adult movies –
just over eighteen –
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anal intensity –
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bare foot maniacs –
big league facials –
big mouthfuls –
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big tit patrol –
big tits round asses –
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blacks on blondes –
blind date bangers –
border bangers –
boys first time –
bus stop whores –
cam crush –
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coeds need cash –
college fuckfest –
creampie surprise –
cumfiesta –
cumshot circus –
dangerous dongs –
ebony candy –
ebony hunger –
euro sex parties –
exploited black teens –
expploited moms –
first time auditions –
ftv girls –
fucking machines –
gangbang squad –
ghetto hoochies –
gloryhole –
her first anal sex –
her first ass to mouth –
her first big cock –
her first lesbian sex –
his first gay sex –
hood hunter –
horny spanish flies –
hot xxx blonde –
inthevip –
i spy camel toe –
jordan capri –
just adult movies –
just over eighteen –
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mike in brazil –
mikes apartment –
milf challenge –
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blind date bangers –
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cumfiesta –
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first time auditions –
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her first big cock –
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his first huge cock –
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her first big cock –
her first lesbian sex –
his first huge cock –
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pump that ass –
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teens for cash –
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we live together –
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all reality pass –
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bare foot maniacs –
big league facials –
big naturals –
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bikini contest porn –
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blind date bangers –
boys first time –
bus stop whores –
cam crush –
captain stabbin –
coeds need cash –
cumfiesta –
euro sex parties –
first time auditions –
gang bang squad –
gloryhole –
her first big cock –
her first lesbian sex –
his first huge cock –
horny spanish flies –
inthevip –
i spy camel toe –
mike in brazil –
mikes apartment –
milf hunter –
milf seeker –
mr chews asian beaver –
please bang my wife –
pump that ass –
reality pass plus –
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teens for cash –
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we live together –
xxx proposal –
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bare foot maniacs –
big league facials –
big naturals –
big tit patrol –
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blind date bangers –
boys first time –
bus stop whores –
cam crush –
captain stabbin –
coeds need cash –
cumfiesta –
euro sex parties –
first time auditions –
gloryhole –
her first big cock –
her first lesbian sex –
his first huge cock –
horny spanish flies –
inthevip –
i spy camel toe –
mike in brazil –
mikes apartment –
milf hunter –
mr chews asian beaver –
please bang my wife –
pump that ass –
reality pass plus –
round and brown –
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teens for cash –
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we live together –
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all reality pass –
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big league facials –
big naturals –
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coeds need cash –
cumfiesta –
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first time auditions –
gang bang squad –
gloryhole –
her first big cock –
her first lesbian sex –
his first huge cock –
horny spanish flies –
inthevip –
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mike in brazil –
mikes apartment –
milf hunter –
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please bang my wife -
all sites access –
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coeds need cash –
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first time auditions –
gang bang squad –
her first big cock –
her first lesbian sex –
horny spanish flies –
inthevip –
i spy camel toe –
mike in brazil –
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coeds need cash –
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first time auditions –
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her first big cock –
her first lesbian sex –
horny spanish flies –
inthevip –
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mike in brazil –
mikes apartment –
milf hunter –
milf seeker –
mr chews asian beaver –
pink candy shavers –
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pump that ass –
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blind date bangers –
boys first time –
bus stop whores –
captain stabbin –
coeds need cash –
cumfiesta –
euro sex parties –
first time auditions –
gang bang squad –
her first big cock –
her first lesbian sex –
horny spanish flies –
inthevip –
i spy camel toe –
mike in brazil –
mikes apartment –
milf hunter –
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mr chews asian beaver –
pink candy shavers –
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pump that ass –
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we live together –
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all sites access –
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bare foot maniacs –
big naturals –
big tit patrol –
bikini contest porn –
black cocks white sluts –
blind date bangers –
boys first time –
bus stop whores –
captain stabbin –
coeds need cash –
cumfiesta –
euro sex parties –
first time auditions –
gang bang squad –
her first big cock –
her first lesbian sex –
horny spanish flies –
inthevip –
i spy camel toe –
mike in brazil –
mikes apartment –
milf hunter –
milf seeker –
mr chews asian beaver –
pink candy shavers –
please bang my wife –
pump that ass –
round and brown –
street blowjobs –
teens for cash –
teeny bopper club –
the big swallow –
tinys black adventures –
tranny surprise –
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we live togethers –
xxx proposal –
8th street latinas –
all interracial –
all sites access –
back seat bangers –
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bare foot maniacs –
big naturals –
big tit patrol –
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black cocks white sluts –
blind date bangers –
boys first time –
bus stop whores –
captain stabbin –
coeds need cash –
cumfiesta –
euro sex parties –
first time auditions –
gang bang squad –
her first big cock –
her first lesbian sex –
horny spanish flies –
inthevip –
i spy camel toe –
mike in brazil –
mikes apartment –
milf hunter –
milf seeker –
mr chews asian beaver –
pink candy shavers –
please bang my wife –
pump that ass –
round and brown –
street blowjobs –
teens for cash –
teeny bopper club –
the big swallow –
tinys black adventures –
tranny surprise –
vanilla teens black cream –
we live together –
xxx proposal –
8th street latinas –
all interracial –
all sites access –
back seat bangers –
bang boat –
bare foot maniacs –
big naturals –
big tit patrol –
bikini contest porn –
black cocks white sluts –
blind date bangers –
boys first time –
bus stop whores –
captain stabbin –
coeds need cash –
cumfiesta –
euro sex parties –
first time auditions –
gang bang squad –
her first big cock –
her first lesbian sex –
horny spanish flies –
inthevip –
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mike in brazil –
mikes apartment –
milf hunter –
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mr chews asian beaver –
please bang my wife –
pump that ass –
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teens for cash –
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the big swallow –
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we live together –
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8th street latinas –
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