Beethoven died from lead poisoning

by on December 6, 2005 at 8:09 am in Music | Permalink

By focusing the most powerful X-ray beam in the Western Hemisphere
on six of Ludwig van Beethoven’s hairs and a few pieces of his skull,
scientists have gathered what they say is conclusive evidence that the
famous composer died of lead poisoning.

The work, done at the
Energy Department’s Argonne National Laboratory outside of Chicago,
confirms earlier hints that lead may have caused Beethoven’s decades of
poor health, which culminated in a long and painful death in 1827 at
age 56.

Wine from lead cups may have been the problem.  Here is the full story.  Just yesterday over lunch I had to shoot down (shout down?) Bryan Caplan’s claim that Wagner was the greater composer of the two.  Bach and Beethoven are at the top, then Mozart and Brahms.  After that it gets hard, but Stravinsky, Chopin, Monteverdi, Haydn, and Wagner come to mind…

michael e vassar December 6, 2005 at 8:55 am

Have you read Murray’s “Human Accomplishment”?
It’s the closest thing we have to a formal ranking
Beethoven
Motzart
Bach
Wagner

Ian Lewis December 6, 2005 at 9:29 am

Coming from a family that actually listened to Classical Music (that is, not just as background music or intellectual fodder) I always understood the rankings to be like this: Top 3: Bach, Mozart and Beethoven in any order you want. Everyone else somewhat below with people like Wagner, Brahms and Haydn near the top of the second tier.

Tim Worstall December 6, 2005 at 10:29 am

I’d slightly doubt the “wine from lead cups” idea. Also their thought of lead leaching from lead glasses.

Much more likely is pewter, tin mixed (at that time) with a little lead. Often used for drinking cups and plates and other table ware. However, in contact with anything reasonably acidic the lead can leach. Wine and beer generally not but sauerkraut (?spelling?) is known to cause such leaching.

In the part of the world I come from (Somerset) you can tell if you’re walking into a beer pub or a cider pub by the tankards on display. If they’re pewter then it’s a beer pub, if pottery/porcelain then a cider one for the cider will leach the lead out of the pewter.

and that is your metals geek factoid for the day

Roland December 6, 2005 at 11:21 am

Bach, Beethoven and then Mozart and Haydn tied for third..

Derek Lowe December 6, 2005 at 11:44 am

I rank Bach number one, and will refuse to consider seriously any ranking that does not place him in the top three. . .

Dan Cole December 6, 2005 at 2:17 pm

Nothing captures the real spirit of great music like ranking
composers. Now, if we can only get around to ranking poets.

Chris R December 6, 2005 at 2:59 pm

I’d add Buxtehude to the list–Bach idolized the guy and I understand why. Haydn is underrated; he should be programmed a LOT more in lieu of all of the so-so renditions of Mozart’s 40th symphony and opera overtures. Handel is interesting. I’m sick of Vivaldi.

rmark December 6, 2005 at 4:17 pm

McCartney and Lennon?

purple December 6, 2005 at 11:34 pm

So do you have any reasons for these (seemingly) arbitrary rankings or are you just putting them in the order that your music history textbooks tell you to?

lee December 6, 2005 at 11:58 pm

OPERA: Beethoven vs Wagner

Wagner wrote many operas(perhaps less than it seems, but many
Beethoven wrote one.

Sorta hard to compare!

MTC December 7, 2005 at 8:07 am

What is this, Mitteleuropadopaland? Verdi, Tchaikovsky, Rossini, Mussorgsky, Debussy, Sibelius, Puccini, Ravel…

psh December 7, 2005 at 10:13 am

Where were you guys last century? Webern #3.

gundryggia December 7, 2005 at 12:42 pm

“Beethoven, IMO, single-handedly transformed two of my favorite forms, the symphony and the string quartet. Based on that, he is without peer.”

Well, Haydn basically invented both of them, so…

Beethoven’s symphonies are of course brilliant, but I have never felt them to be works of unmatched genius. Aside from his stab at opera–and I enjoy the second half of Fidelio quite a bit–Beethoven was not much of a success at “narrative” music; see Wellington’s Victory. Or at matching words with music (or composing for the voice at all!); see the Ode to Joy. I can understand someone rating Wagner more highly if she thought these aspects of music were extremely important.

However, Beethoven’s sublime–not an adjective I use lightly–late quartets and piano sonatas are, for me, matched only by the best work of Bach.

jult52 December 7, 2005 at 3:15 pm

Barry P: Wow. “Very few early Classical-era symphonies were longer than 20 minutes” — That makes them “pedestrian”? Are short pieces necessarily inferior to longer ones?

“they all followed a similar formula” — Pre-Beethoven music typically had quite rigidly defined forms by post-Beethoven standards. This isn’t confined to the Symphony.

“but the form had not really progressed stylistically for many years until Beethoven got around to Eroica.”
In fact, the form showed steady and rapid progress in the decades before Beethoven wrote his 1st symphony. The later Haydn and Mozart symphonies are very different from their middle period works and even more different from their earlier works and those of earlier and more obscure symphonists.

And the debatable fact that the symphonies weren’t key portions of a late 18th century concert doesn’t mean the actual music was average even if it is true.

You might actually want to check out the Mozart Jupiter Symphony, which is only the most famous of many brilliant classical era symphonies.

Barkley Rosser December 7, 2005 at 3:59 pm

Some people are putting Haydn forward on the basis of his innovativeness.
If that is a criterion, well, Beethoven gets points on that one as does
Wagner. But a neglected figur would be Arcangelo Corelli, who basically
invented the baroque. Without him, the angels would not be playing
Bach for God. And Stravinsky and Schoenberg are way up there also,
although I much prefer Stravinsky to Schoenberg. Stravinsky seems to
have fallen a bit in stature in recent years, getting kind of passe, but
his full opus remains probably the best of the 20th century, quite aside
from the shocking innovativeness of the premiere of Le Sacre in 1913.

Barkley Rosser December 8, 2005 at 1:04 pm

This poetry one is hopeless, except for staying in one language.
What can one do with Pushkin or Lamartine or Rumi or… ???

And as for your English list, where are T.S. Eliot and Wallace
Stevens?

Susan Skrabanek January 22, 2006 at 8:09 am

This is an interesting thread. My husband and I are both classical pianists (he plays professionally) and we often have these kinds of discussions. I think ranking composers in any really arguably definitive way has to define some sort of criteria–since none of them accomplished what they did for the purpose of winning some cosmic Greatest Composer of All Time competition, they all stand out for individual reasons that don’t necessarily compare fairly one to another. For example….in opera music, I agree there are strong arguments for Wagner–but on the overall “composer” front, I think it would be difficult to place him very highly simply because his focus from a genre perspective was quite limited when compared to composers like Mozart/Beethoven/Bach. In fact, I believe Wagner really wanted to be a playright, and found musicial composition in opera at least initially just a mechanism to bring himself closer to that goal. He wrote very little outside of that genre, whereas most of the other great composers had much broader compositional strengths. Then, with Mozart, you have significant evidence of his brilliance in operatic writing, whereas Beethoven for all his genius, certainly is not known for opera. Personally, when I listen or play Mozart piano music (and I’m JUST talking about his piano music, before anyone jumps on me), particularly the sonatas, I just don’t understand how anyone could feel they stand up well against Beethoven’s sonatas. They are very pleasant, but as compared to the structures in Beethoven’s piano works, they just don’t compare–and dare I type this–I think they are shallow in comparison, really. I had a theory a while ago that what I found uninteresting in Mozart’s piano sonatas may have simply been a factor of maturity; I thought most likely, he wrote things like K545 when he was young, which would explain it being so structurally predictable….but that theory doesn’t hold up, as he wrote many of his solo works including that sonata later in his life. So….I have no excuse for him in that context. One could argue that Mozart’s piano works were composed at an earlier time than Beethoven, with different conventions of the day predominating, making the comparison unfair….but then, how would one explain Bach’s piano works, which were earlier than both and do not suffer in my opinion from that sort of pedestrian quality. (Not to mention the argument that what Beethoven did with the Sonata form in general is one of his hallmark achievements). Personally, I think if a general criteria can be established by which all composers could be measured fairly–I think it would be extraordinarily difficult to overcome Beethoven no matter what that criteria is, considering the quantity and quality of what he wrote, that it certainly at a minimum is comparable to any other great composer, but in his case, the bulk of that great work was written when he was losing his hearing or completely deaf. I mean, c’mon, there have to be serious points for THAT.

Michelle December 18, 2006 at 12:28 am

Well, I’ve always thought Mozart ranked the highest, but Beethoven comes in a super close second. What made me put mozart first, though, was because of his natural talent. If you read some more history about Beethoven, you’ll find that he wasn’t that happy in his life. And his dad drank and sometimes DRAGGED young Beethoven out of bed in the middle of the night to play for guests or just to practice. Cruel.

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