The core theses of this book are straightforward:
1. Some societies face multiethnic frontiers, and they respond by developing higher levels of cooperation. You have to bind together to clear out and kill those Indians.
2. Eventually the result is empire.
3. Empires decay. They wallow in luxury and the preconditions behind their previously high levels of cooperation go away.
4. The ability to cooperate is the key variable in human history.
So argues Peter Turchin — a professor of ecology — in his recent War & Peace & War: The Life Cycles of Imperial Nations. Imagine Jared Diamond’s method extended into the formation of empires and the origins of war, with a dose of Hari Seldon, and you have this book.
In addition to the broader theses, Turchin takes on why Europe stayed disunited after the collapse of the Carolingian Empire (disunity was the default setting), why the eastern and western parts of the Roman Empire took such different courses (the Eastern Empire was largely a new creation), why the fall of the Roman Empire has earlier roots than you think (the frontier changed in nature), and why the Russians have been so obedient to tyrannical rulers (egalitarian structures, combined with a frontier). The author does not shy away from bold claims, nor does he give much attention to possible counterexamples; try his other books for further support but don’t expect your doubts to be resolved.
Some of the sentences scare me: "Cliodynamics predicts complex dynamical behavior for historical empires, with shorter cycles embedded within longer cycles, and so on [sic]."
If you judge a book by its vulnerability to criticism, this one makes for easy pickings. But Tolstoy wasn’t crazy, Ibn Khaldun is more important than you think, and Turchin will tell you why. Recommended, especially for those who like fearless and speculative minds.
The Roman Empire continues to cloud men’s minds. Before it can be turned into a theory of history, it needs to be properly understood. Turchin has recycled Augustine’s theory, which was a polemical device, not a well informed theory of history. A better understanding would lead to different theories.
I agree that the Roman Empire continues to cloud people’s minds. I’m very far from being any kind of
expert on this, but my cursory reading seems to show that the Roman Empire was constantly falling apart.
I think the question should ask isn’t, “Why did Rome fall?” But rather, “Why did Rome fail to put itself
back together again after the last time it fell?”
If I understand the thesis correctly isn’t the example of the UK an important counter?
There would seem no particular frontier that needed fighting for in the UK but the British clearly developed whatever was necessary to form an empire. Equally, looking at the Empire’s history the idea that it required particularly high levels of co-operation does not quite appear credible.
My default setting when I read about a “default setting” is to stop reading.
Like Deepak Lal, I would point to the very low rates of cousin marriage imposed by the Roman Catholic Church as one cause of the broader extent of cooperation seen in Europe than in, say, the Middle East. Even today in Iraq, about half of all married people are married to a first or second cousin. This causes loyalty to the extended family to be stronger (e.g., a son-in-law is often also a nephew, so nepotism is doubly attractive) in the Middle East, so larger entities such as governments and corporations tend to get looted for the good of the extended family.
For more on this important topic, see:
http://www.isteve.com/cousin_marriage_conundrum.htm
So I suppose there should be no studies on why people marry or have children? The fact that a phenominon is common gives us at least as much reason to study it as the opposite.
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she takes it black –
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sweet devon –
tawnee stone –
taylor little –
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