1. Institutions are affected by technology perhaps even more than by ideology.
2. In 1800, the United States was a large country relative to the
transportation and communication technologies that were available at
that time. Further, it was very divided, both politically and
economically, over slavery. Thus, one does not see major national
institutions of any sort, private or public.3. The rise of powerful industrial corporations and the rise of a
large public sector in democracies over the past 150 years are results
of changes in technology. Economies of scale have increased, because
transportation costs have fallen and communication is faster and
cheaper.
I agree with #1-3. Here is more. I would add that American government grew big as soon as it had the technological ability to do so; that suggests to me that the latent demand for big government, for better or worse, was already in place. I await Brad DeLong’s book-length treatment of this topic.















A discussion about growth in government and not a single comment about wars? Technology may provide the tools, but something needs to provide the incentive for people to actually get moving and become efficient.
If anything, we’re going to see even more government in our personal lives. The only thing that may change for “the better” is the percentage of GDP that goes to government.
On a micro level, post-Watergate there was a shift of power from the executive branch to the legislative branch, and about the same time the sub-committee bill of rights transferred power from the committee chairman. It was at this time that domestic federal spending began to increase markedly as a share of the economy, and has stayed at higher levels since.
“I would add that American government grew big as soon as it had the technological ability to do so”
This sounds like a mono-causal claim of inevitability, that we could only fight by dynamiting rail lines, cutting phone wires, and blowing up computers.
Certainly technology helps the state to rule a large empire in a more detailed way, but is it isn’t the main reason goverment grows. Besides the wars which were mentioned, U.S. government growth is the result of the Fed bungling the Great Depression (and FDR’s idology-fueled response), as well as the Cold War, drug prohibition that destroyed urban environments, rent-seeking by industry and labor, and a host of other things.
Cheap transportation makes big government possible. Otherwise necessary mechanisms won’t come into being. The proof of this is left as an exercise for the reader. [smile] No cheap worldwide transportation network equals no world government. All the socialist should be working to give away gas.
It was not so much that technology enabled government administration, but that technology enabled a national “we.” Photographic journalism, instant nationwide communications, radio broadcasts, and the like vivified the atavisms of which Hayek spoke, giving new found cultural appeal and power to statism. Technology enabled the arousal of the people’s romance, the tribe, social-justice sentiments, and the like.
But another key factor, rising at the same time, is democracy. Without democratic superstitions, the true nature of government is especially hard not to see.
It’s easy to point to technology changes that came before institutional changes and conclude the former were the necessary and sufficient causes for the latter, but this sounds like a post hoc ergo propter hoc fallacy to me. I’d say the expansion of the US federal government (at the expense of state governments) came about because the seventeenth amendment in 1913 removed the check that state governments had had on federal growth.
Until then, the Senators from each state were appointed by the state government rather than elected by the people. The Senate in turn ratified the federal judges, who accordingly kept the federal government’s rights over the states limited. By the time the Depression started, the federal bench was composed of judges confirmed mainly by Senators whose power would be enhanced not by stronger state governments, but by a stronger federal government. Hence, the federal government started to balloon, and has continued on that course to this day.
I don’t think 20th century technology was either necessary or sufficient for federal expansion. There have been empires thousands of miles in reach long before instant communication was possible. And if the US had continued electing Senators as before, I think we would to this day be governed much more at the state level and less at the federal level.
The Senate in turn ratified the federal judges, who accordingly kept the federal government’s rights over the states limited. By the time the Depression started, the federal bench was composed of judges confirmed mainly by Senators whose power would be enhanced not by stronger state governments
Farming World of Warcraft Gold is the bane of many players lives, with the new epic flying mounts costing over 5000
wow gold you are talking some serious grinding time. Fortunately in the World of Warcraft’s The Burning Crusade Expansion the new Outlands has a host of areas which can offer you a surprising amount of cheap wow gold, if you have your wits about you that is.World of Warcraft gold, WoW accounts & items are available on all servers.
Make sure you check your server for sales on WOW gold, buy wow gold, accounts & items.
Why risk buying WoW gold from unknown sellers & stores when Team-VIP delivers instantly?
大阪 デリヘル–大阪デリヘル店ä¸å¿ƒã®é–¢è¥¿é¢¨ä¿—æƒ…å ±ç´¹ä»‹ã‚µã‚¤ãƒˆ
デリヘル 大阪–大阪デリヘルä¸å¿ƒã®é–¢è¥¿é¢¨ä¿—æƒ…å ±ç´¹ä»‹ã‚µã‚¤ãƒˆ
大阪 ホテヘル–大阪ホテヘルä¸å¿ƒã®é–¢è¥¿é¢¨ä¿—æƒ…å ±ç´¹ä»‹ã‚µã‚¤ãƒˆ
ホテヘル 大阪–大阪ホテヘルã®é–¢è¥¿é¢¨ä¿—æƒ…å ±ç´¹ä»‹ã‚µã‚¤ãƒˆ
æ±äº¬ デリヘル–æ±äº¬ãƒ‡ãƒªãƒ˜ãƒ«ä¸å¿ƒã®é–¢æ±é¢¨ä¿—æƒ…å ±ã‚µã‚¤ãƒˆ
デリヘル æ±äº¬–æ±äº¬ãƒ‡ãƒªãƒ˜ãƒ«ä¸å¿ƒã®é–¢æ±é¢¨ä¿—æƒ…å ±ã‚µã‚¤ãƒˆ
æ±äº¬ ホテヘル–æ±äº¬ãƒ›ãƒ†ãƒ˜ãƒ«ä¸å¿ƒã®é–¢æ±é¢¨ä¿—æƒ…å ±ã‚µã‚¤ãƒˆ
ホテヘル æ±äº¬–æ±äº¬ãƒ›ãƒ†ãƒ˜ãƒ«ä¸å¿ƒã®é–¢æ±é¢¨ä¿—æƒ…å ±ã‚µã‚¤ãƒˆ
横浜 デリヘル–横浜デリヘルä¸å¿ƒã®é–¢æ±é¢¨ä¿—æƒ…å ±ã‚µã‚¤ãƒˆï¼æ¨ªæµœãƒ»å·å´Žãƒ»ç›¸æ¨¡åŽŸãƒ»å¹³å¡šãƒ»ä¼Šå‹¢åŽŸã‚¨ãƒªã‚¢ç‰ã®é¢¨ä¿—æƒ…å ±
デリヘル 横浜–横浜デリヘルä¸å¿ƒã®é–¢æ±é¢¨ä¿—æƒ…å ±ã‚µã‚¤ãƒˆï¼æ¨ªæµœãƒ»å·å´Žãƒ»ç›¸æ¨¡åŽŸãƒ»å¹³å¡šãƒ»ä¼Šå‹¢åŽŸã‚¨ãƒªã‚¢ç‰ã®é¢¨ä¿—æƒ…å ±
横浜 ホテヘル–横浜ホテヘルä¸å¿ƒã®é–¢æ±é¢¨ä¿—æƒ…å ±ã‚µã‚¤ãƒˆï¼æ¨ªæµœãƒ»å·å´Žãƒ»ç›¸æ¨¡åŽŸãƒ»å¹³å¡šãƒ»ä¼Šå‹¢åŽŸã‚¨ãƒªã‚¢ç‰ã®é¢¨ä¿—æƒ…å ±
ホテヘル 横浜–横浜ホテヘルä¸å¿ƒã®é–¢æ±é¢¨ä¿—æƒ…å ±ã‚µã‚¤ãƒˆï¼æ¨ªæµœãƒ»å·å´Žãƒ»ç›¸æ¨¡åŽŸãƒ»å¹³å¡šãƒ»ä¼Šå‹¢åŽŸã‚¨ãƒªã‚¢ç‰ã®é¢¨ä¿—æƒ…å ±
渋谷 デリヘル–渋谷デリヘルã€ãƒ›ãƒ†ãƒ˜ãƒ«ãªã©æ¸‹è°·é¢¨ä¿—æƒ…å ±ãƒšãƒ¼ã‚¸
デリヘル 渋谷–渋谷デリヘルã€ãƒ›ãƒ†ãƒ˜ãƒ«ãªã©æ¸‹è°·é¢¨ä¿—æƒ…å ±ãƒšãƒ¼ã‚¸
渋谷 ホテヘル–渋谷デリヘルã€ãƒ›ãƒ†ãƒ˜ãƒ«ãªã©æ¸‹è°·é¢¨ä¿—åº—æƒ…å ±ãƒšãƒ¼ã‚¸
ホテヘル 渋谷–渋谷デリヘルã€ãƒ›ãƒ†ãƒ˜ãƒ«ãªã©æ¸‹è°·é¢¨ä¿—åº—æƒ…å ±ãƒšãƒ¼ã‚¸
æ± è¢‹ デリヘル–è±Šå³¶åŒºãƒ»æ± è¢‹ã®ãƒ‡ãƒªãƒ˜ãƒ«ã€ãƒ›ãƒ†ãƒ˜ãƒ«ãªã©è±Šå³¶åŒºãƒ»æ± è¢‹é¢¨ä¿—æƒ…å ±ãƒšãƒ¼ã‚¸
デリヘル æ± è¢‹–è±Šå³¶åŒºãƒ»æ± è¢‹ã®ãƒ‡ãƒªãƒ˜ãƒ«ã€ãƒ›ãƒ†ãƒ˜ãƒ«ãªã©è±Šå³¶åŒºãƒ»æ± è¢‹é¢¨ä¿—æƒ…å ±ãƒšãƒ¼ã‚¸
æ± è¢‹ ホテヘル–è±Šå³¶åŒºãƒ»æ± è¢‹ã®ãƒ‡ãƒªãƒ˜ãƒ«ã€ãƒ›ãƒ†ãƒ˜ãƒ«ãªã©è±Šå³¶åŒºãƒ»æ± è¢‹é¢¨ä¿—æƒ…å ±ãƒšãƒ¼ã‚¸
ホテヘル æ± è¢‹–è±Šå³¶åŒºãƒ»æ± è¢‹ã®ãƒ‡ãƒªãƒ˜ãƒ«ã€ãƒ›ãƒ†ãƒ˜ãƒ«ãªã©è±Šå³¶åŒºãƒ»æ± è¢‹é¢¨ä¿—æƒ…å ±ãƒšãƒ¼ã‚¸
新宿 デリヘル–新宿風俗デリヘル・ホテヘルä¸å¿ƒã®é–¢æ±é¢¨ä¿—æƒ…å ±ã‚µã‚¤ãƒˆï¼æ–°å®¿ã‚¨ãƒªã‚¢ç‰ã®é¢¨ä¿—æƒ…å ±
デリヘル 新宿–新宿風俗デリヘル・ホテヘルä¸å¿ƒã®é–¢æ±é¢¨ä¿—æƒ…å ±ã‚µã‚¤ãƒˆï¼æ–°å®¿ã‚¨ãƒªã‚¢ç‰ã®é¢¨ä¿—æƒ…å ±
新宿 ホテヘル–新宿風俗デリヘル・ホテヘルä¸å¿ƒã®é–¢æ±é¢¨ä¿—æƒ…å ±ã‚µã‚¤ãƒˆï¼æ–°å®¿ã‚¨ãƒªã‚¢ç‰ã®é¢¨ä¿—æƒ…å ±
ホテヘル 新宿–新宿風俗デリヘル・ホテヘルä¸å¿ƒã®é–¢æ±é¢¨ä¿—æƒ…å ±ã‚µã‚¤ãƒˆï¼æ–°å®¿ã‚¨ãƒªã‚¢ç‰ã®é¢¨ä¿—æƒ…å ±
表朖表æœãƒ»ãƒžãƒ³ã‚·ãƒ§ãƒ³è¡¨æœãƒ»ã‚ªãƒªã‚¸ãƒŠãƒ«è¡¨æœãƒ»æ‰‹æ›¸ã表æœãƒ»åº—舗看æ¿ã®è£½ä½œè²©å£²ã®é€šè²©ã‚µã‚¤ãƒˆ
表æœã‚ªãƒ¼ãƒ€ãƒ¼ãƒ¡ã‚¤ãƒ‰–オーダーメイド表æœã®è£½ä½œã¨è²©å£²
銘濖銘æ¿ã®è£½ä½œã¨è²©å£²
特注表朖特注表æœã®è£½ä½œã¨è²©å£²
手作り表朖手作り表æœã®è£½ä½œã¨è²©å£²
表æœãƒžãƒ³ã‚·ãƒ§ãƒ³–マンション用表æœã®è£½ä½œã¨è²©å£²
表æœã‚¹ãƒ†ãƒ³ãƒ¬ã‚¹–ステンレス表æœã®è£½ä½œã¨è²©å£²
æ–熱塗料–å¡—ã‚‹ã ã‘ã§æ–熱効果・防音効果・çµéœ²ã‚’抑制ã§ãã‚‹æ–熱塗料GAINA(ガイナ)
uguisu–ã†ãã„ã™
php–php manual
アダルトレンタルサーãƒãƒ¼–アダルトã€é¢¨ä¿—店専用レンタルサーãƒãƒ¼
アダルトレンタルサーãƒãƒ¼–アダルトã€é¢¨ä¿—店専用レンタルサーãƒãƒ¼
京都 ã‚ャãƒã‚¯ãƒ©
http://www.cabaret-one.jp
Comments on this entry are closed.