Reporting in the current issue of Neuron, the scientists
reveal that when a small sum of money is on the line, poorer people
learn quickly how to maximize their profits, leaving their wealthier
counterparts in the dust.In a Pavlovian paradigm, a number of abstract shapes flashed
in front of 14 participants. After each shape appeared for three
seconds, a picture of either a 20-pence coin (roughly 40 cents) or a
scrambled image followed. A card of one particular shape was always
followed by the coin, and subjects were told that they could take a
20-pence piece home if they could accurately predict when the money
card was the next one up….The poorer people tended to figure out
which card signaled money ahead within about 12 trials… whereas the
richer people took about 35 trials.The team next repeated the experiment while the subject’s brains
were scanned by an fMRI (functional magnetic resonance imaging)
machine. …This time, however, the participants did not have to physically respond. "We
didn’t want them to do that because there are neurons in the striatum
that are responding to initiate an action of responding to reward,"
Tobler says. It was this response preparation that the researchers
timed.Once again, an inverse association between wealth and learning
appeared, with poor people displaying more increased activity in the
midbrain and striatum when compared with the more affluent subjects.
From Scientific American, the article is here.
Thanks to Rey Lehmann for the pointer.
It kinda sounds to me like they’re somehow trying to imply that rich people are stupid and undeserving of their money.
Going with the post title, it indicates that the marginal utility of a few pence is rather small for the rich. I’m sure if the reward were bumped up to something noticeable for these guys (say $100), they’d be much better at this. They’ve got less of an incentive to figure out the game.
Person: Not so. There is a utility cost of the effort required to figure out the game, and a utility benefit from the money earned. The comparison that the game participants make between these utilities is ordinal, not cardinal. Mises 1; You 0.
Tyler: How far in your web of belief is the principle of marginal utility? What would it take to disconfirm it?
I see a South Park episode in this. Kenny gets killed by the fMRI machine and Cartman has to end his school science fair project.
This is just wierd.
I commented a bit more on the article here:
http://economistsview.typepad.com/economistsview/2007/04/scientific_amer.html
It includes some additional excerpts from the press release on how they tried to measure marginal utility. I was less than impressed.
A lot of the traders in the commodities pits in Chicago came from relatively humble backgrounds, with the stereotypical profile being the “former cab driver”. Floor trading requires a lot of the same pattern recognition skills as displayed in this experiment. In fact, many successful floor traders look for the “hungry, street-smart” type as protoges, saying that overly smart, Ivy-league types “think too much”.
Look at the backgrounds of a lot of champion poker players – a few MIT rocket scientist types, but a lot of people who grew up in the “culture”, so to speak.
Prof. AT,
Perhaps the rich are more focused on the ‘bigger picture’ which is why they tend to be more affluent. The poor, by necessity or by design are better attuned to ‘cheap thrills’ and miss big opportunities when they arise.
It should be obvious that you can’t conclude anything about supposed differences in the brains of “rich” people and “poor” people based on a sample of 14 subjects. It’s ludicrous.
Lee, I think all subjects were students, so presumably age differences were minimal. And Jeffrey, you bring up a point common to most fMRI studies – they use small numbers of subjects, so any differences between groups must be very pronounced to be significant. Fine statistical differences just won’t be evident.
I think the study results makes sense, and there’s no need to over-think it. In fact, one might argue that the study merely confirms the obvious – a small amount of money is more attractive to someone without much money than to someone with lots of it. Still, plenty of studies meant to confirm what is already common wisdom have encountered unexpected results.
ç³–å°¿ç—…è¯ç‰© 低血糖 èƒ°å²›ç´ è¡€ç³–ä»ª èƒ°å²›ç´ æ³µ
liqingchao 07年8月14日
google排å
google排å
wow gold
wow gold
powerleveling
powerleveling
wow gold
wow gold
powerleveling
powerleveling
wow powerleveling
wow powerleveling
wow power leveling
wow power leveling
wow power level
wow power level
world of warcraft powerleveling
world of warcraft powerleveling
world of warcraft power leveling
world of warcraft power leveling
china tour
china tour
hongkong hotel
hongkong hotel
beijing tour
beijing tour
翻译公å¸
翻译公å¸
上海翻译公å¸
上海翻译公å¸
北京翻译公å¸
北京翻译公å¸
北京æ¬å®¶å…¬å¸
北京æ¬å®¶å…¬å¸
鼓风机
风机
风机
货架
光盘刻录
光盘刻录
光盘制作
光盘制作
光盘å°åˆ·
光盘å°åˆ·
红外测温仪
红外测温仪
超声波测厚仪
超声波测厚仪
超声波探伤仪
超声波探伤仪
频闪仪
频闪仪
涂层测厚仪
涂层测厚仪
电ç«èŠ±æ£€æµ‹ä»ª
电ç«èŠ±æ£€æµ‹ä»ª
google排å
仓库
仓库
仓库出租
仓库出租
物æµå›åŒº
物æµå›åŒº
集团电è¯
集团电è¯
å››çŽ¯ç´ ç‰™
å£è…”常识
å£è…”常识
å£è…”医生
å£è…”医生
网站设计
网站设计
多媒体
监控
监控
监控系统
监控系统
é—¨ç¦
é—¨ç¦
é—¨ç¦ç³»ç»Ÿ
é—¨ç¦ç³»ç»Ÿ
æ¬å®¶å…¬å¸
æ¬å®¶å…¬å¸
æ¡ç 打å°æœº
æ¡ç 打å°æœº
牙周炎
牙周炎
牙周炎
多媒体
world of warcraft power leveling
å››çŽ¯ç´ ç‰™
wow power leveling
SFP
SFP
wow gold
wow gold
wow gold
wow gold
wow gold
wow gold
wow gold
wow gold
wow gold
wow gold
wow gold
wow gold
北京æ¬å®¶å…¬å¸
北京æ¬å®¶å…¬å¸
北京æ¬å®¶å…¬å¸
北京æ¬å®¶å…¬å¸
北京æ¬å®¶å…¬å¸
北京æ¬å®¶å…¬å¸
北京æ¬å®¶å…¬å¸
北京æ¬å®¶å…¬å¸
北京æ¬å®¶å…¬å¸
北京æ¬å®¶å…¬å¸
北京æ¬å®¶å…¬å¸
北京æ¬å®¶å…¬å¸
北京æ¬å®¶å…¬å¸
北京æ¬å®¶å…¬å¸
北京æ¬å®¶å…¬å¸
翻译公å¸
翻译公å¸
翻译公å¸
翻译公å¸
翻译公å¸
翻译公å¸
翻译公å¸
翻译公å¸
翻译公å¸
翻译公å¸
翻译公å¸
翻译公å¸
翻译公å¸
翻译公å¸
翻译公å¸
翻译公å¸
翻译公å¸
翻译公å¸
翻译公å¸
翻译公å¸
翻译公å¸
翻译公å¸
翻译公å¸
翻译公å¸
翻译公å¸
翻译公å¸
翻译公å¸
翻译公å¸
翻译公å¸
翻译公å¸
翻译公å¸
翻译公å¸
翻译公å¸
翻译公å¸
翻译公å¸
翻译公å¸
翻译公å¸
翻译公å¸
翻译公å¸
翻译公å¸
翻译公å¸
翻译公å¸
翻译公å¸
翻译公å¸
翻译公å¸
翻译公å¸
翻译公å¸
翻译公å¸
翻译公å¸
翻译公å¸
wow gold
wow gold
wow gold
wow gold
wow gold
wow gold
wow gold
wow gold
wow gold
wow gold
wow gold
wow gold
wow gold
wow gold
wow gold
wow gold
wow gold
wow gold
wow gold
wow gold
wow gold
wow gold
wow gold
wow gold
wow gold
wow gold
wow gold
wow gold
wow gold
wow gold
wow gold
wow gold
wow gold
wow gold
wow gold
wow gold
wow gold
wow gold
wow gold
wow gold
wow gold
wow gold
wow gold
wow gold
wow gold
wow gold
wow gold
wow gold
wow gold
wow gold
資金を増やãã†ã¨ã™ã‚‹ã®ã«ä¸å‹•ç”£æŠ•è³‡ã‚’ã™ã‚‹ã®ãŒæ‰‹ã£å–ã‚Šæ—©ã„。日本ã§ä¸å‹•ç”£ã§æ±äº¬ 賃貸をã•ãŒã™ã®ã¯ãã‚ã‚ã¦é›£ã—ãシステム開発ã¯æ—¥æœ¬ã®ä¼šç¤¾ãŒè‰¯ã„。
出会ã„
ãƒãƒ£ãƒƒãƒˆãƒ¬ãƒ‡ã‚£
出会ã„
水虫スカルプ育毛シャンプー育毛岩尾シャンプー宮迫シャンプー発毛シャンプー抜ã‘毛シャンプー薬用シャンプー包茎包茎治療包茎手術冷ãˆæ€§ã‚€ãã¿èŸ¹æ¯›èŸ¹ã‚ºãƒ¯ã‚¤èŸ¹ã‚¿ãƒ©ãƒèŸ¹ç”£å¾Œã‚ããŒ
出会ã„豊島区出会ã„北区出会ã„è’å·åŒºå‡ºä¼šã„æ¿æ©‹åŒºå‡ºä¼šã„練馬区出会ã„足立区出会ã„葛飾区出会ã„江戸å·åŒºå‡ºä¼šã„神戸出会ã„久留米出会ã„水戸出会ã„åå¤å±‹å‡ºä¼šã„大牟田出会ã„ã•ã„ãŸã¾
ä½å‰å‡ºä¼šã„平野出会ã„å ºå‡ºä¼šã„è²å¡šå‡ºä¼šã„冨田林出会ã„箕é¢å‡ºä¼šã„æ±å¤§é˜ªå‡ºä¼šã„出会ã„系出会ã„無料出会ã„ç³»ã®æ”»ç•¥ã«ã¤ã„ã¦å‡ºä¼šã„カフェ出会ã„パーティー優良出会ã„系サイト
出会ã„æ±äº¬å‡ºä¼šã„é³¥å–出会ã„富山出会ã„å’ŒæŒå±±å‡ºä¼šã„山形出会ã„å±±å£å‡ºä¼šã„山梨在宅ワーク内è·åœ¨å®…アルãƒã‚¤ãƒˆä¹¾ç‡¥è‚Œãƒ€ã‚¤ã‚¨ãƒƒãƒˆã€€é£Ÿäº‹ã‚µãƒ—リメント無料å ã„
Comments on this entry are closed.