Matt Yglesias claims he is defective and asks:
Are there good reasons for young people to be designed as more risk-friendly than older people? …Is there some more general logic to this?
After all, teenagers can do some very stupid things, and for no apparent benefits. Why? I see a few major hypotheses:
1. The young take risks to signal they are strong and thus good potential mates. We are biologically programmed so that this motivation declines with age. This also helps explain why the young are most foolish amongst their peers. Note that under this hypothesis, the default setting must be that a non-risk-taker doesn’t reproduce very much (otherwise why take risks?). If polygamy was once common, this might explain why young men are more reckless than young women.
2. The young have greater need for some skill which is biochemically correlated with risk-taking behavior. The risk-taking itself performs no useful functional role. Read Randall Parker on this.
3. When it comes to the kind of risks that were most prevalent in early hunter-gatherer societies — such as facing hostile large animals — today’s young are still quite risk-averse.
4. The young have fewer commitments and thus less to live for. This is related to yesterday’s discussion of theism and risk-taking.
I view #4 as an underrated hypothesis, but I have turned on the comments function for your ideas. And here is my earlier post on risk-taking and life extension.
I’m not sure if we can determine which (if any) of the listed explanations are correct, but we can at least consider the requirements for them to be correct.
Take explanation #2, for example. I think we’re all agreed that “unnecessary” risk-taking can lead to some seriously negative consequences. Whatever we’re hypothesizing that behavior is a side-effect of must be pretty beneficial to be able to sustain its liabilities. The advantage must also be fairly new, or mental configurations that preserved the benefits but eliminated the harmful behavioral byproduct should have taken over by now. Offhand, I can’t think of anything that fits those criteria.
In my opinion, it’s far more likely that we don’t understand or appreciate the processes that are responsible for what we consider “bad risk-taking”. I suspect we can’t even specify exactly what we mean by those words. Comparisons could be made to speculations about possible genetic precursors of schizophrenia.
I vote for #1. Competition to breed is a powerful source of strange evolutionary stuff. Just be glad we’re not all walking around with 75-pounds of antler on our heads.
#1 is definitely part of the equation but it doesn’t explain all of the actions youth take. I believe a major part has to do with a lack of life experience and a lack of understanding the repercussions of the risks being taken.
As a teenager I did a lot of stupid things with my friends and being the dorks we were – mating and girls weren’t a consideration. Being higher up on the pecking order did make a difference in the decision process but a lack of understanding that taking risks could have long term effects wasn’t completely understood. As we all get older and can see the results risk taking has had on others, we hopefully learn from the experience.
I might add #5:
The young might underestimate the MC of taking a given risk due to lack of information, which will be acquired later in life. In other words, they base their decision on MB = MC* where MC* < MC, the true cost of taking a risk. Example: backyard wrestling is dangerous because you may break a bone or hurt yourself in some other way, but the chance of a permanent injury (e.g., a limp for life) is not something a youth will consider.
A related point: the longer the time period between getting the benefit of any risk and incurring the cost, the more rsiks will be taken (i.e., the discount rate argument). For the young, the (present value of) the cost of smoking or doing drugs is relatively low…
Teenagers live in a very different environment from those just a few years older. A teenager has little freedom, little property, and no marketable skills; more to the point, responsible behavior does not really increase his freedom or his property, and irresponsible behavior doesn’t cost him much.
So he’s not going to behave the way an adult would, since he can’t profit or lose the way an adult can.
Also, not only is a young body more durable (thus allowing him to sustain more injury and to reasonably allow a higher risk of injury), but the older body tends to be tired most of the time. Most physical risk-taking behavior requires energy and vitality that older people never really have enough of.
The community as a whole benefits from risk-taking young and risk-adverse old.
What society long survives with young men are unwilling to take the personally irrational risk of engaging in war?
What society long survives that does not have elders who can reign in the high spiritedness of the above young warriors?
Nathan
Note: my email address is my first name.
1 and 3 are compelling, and seem sufficient to explain the observed effect.
There’s also simple ignorance. All of the risks I regret taking involved actions where I didn’t appreciate the magnitude of the danger at the time, e.g. unsupervised weight-lifting, not rushing to start a career right out of college.
I can’t help feel we’re missing something. I have this image of some US Marines on a helicopter rescuing a downed Air Force Pilot. I know I have the numbers wrong, but essentially of the people involved, there was one 26 year old Marine in charge, one 28 yrold Pilot being rescued, and 18+ 19 year old Marines doing the heavy lifting. Why is this risk distributed among the young? They must have been told the risks, but discounted them in some way. Also, do the people in charge value their lives less because they’ve received less investment than older Marines? Is there some right of passage involved here that allows the young to enter manhood? In other words, do the young marines clearly understand all the risks, yet realize the benefits may outweigh the probability of death?
Finally, do young women take risks of a similar nature as young men? And in the same proportion of the population?
It also seems to me that the perception of time passing changes as you age. Time seems to pass by more slowly when you are younger, which might contribute to the mistaken perception that you will be young forever. This makes you less apt to care about long-term issues, like your health and retirement and whatnot, and is probably why short-term issues loom so large (high-school social life stuff, etc.).
My comment is that comments should be turned on more often if not all the time.
Perhaps risk-taking in male youth is adaptational b/c the risk of not being risky enough is too high, that is, not being risky might just ensure zero reproductive success.
Allow me to flesh this out, imagine a tribe/band in the EEA — I am a young male with little or no resources/status etc etc. My guess is that the females are monopolized by the older and ‘richer’ (resources/status) males — why are they older? B/c they have survived this far due to a mixture of what have you: cleverness, cunningness, physical strength and have ‘proved’ themselves in some way.
Since men compete more intensely over females than vica versa, by taking risks to aicheve status/resources I might be able to climb the heirchary and/or attract mates — perhaps assist in the slaying of a large animal, therefore gaining and advertising my abilities/status. Or I might be more inclined, than an older male with females, to raid another tribe, kill the males and take the women.
I think it’s been proven that the part of the brain that deals with risk-taking develops last. Therefore, teenagers can be just as smart as adults, and have the same imformation, but just not really care for the consequences. ‘I’m going to have sex tonight, even though I don’t have a condom’- they are perfectly aware of how this may end, but because the brain hasn’t fully developed, they don’t act on it.
I’m speaking as a teenager myself
My risk tolerance dropped a lot when I decided what I want to do with my life. I had no actual commitments, but still more to live for.
Experience comes from risk taking.
Adolescence involves a drive to be “prepared” for any situation, a necessary skill if you are to survive. Essentially, you need to construct your priors for a very very large number of possible events. Your brain might come with some prior info already, but only risk-taking builds experience quickly, and causes you to have enough knowledge of the marginal returns/risks to be able to infer value of other similar experiences.
Adults have this experience. They largely know what to expect, and therefore do not need to learn what to do in that situation. As a result, they no longer need to perform the same risk-taking behaviors.
This is reinforced by the fact that adolescents have less to live for/less to lose. The risk-taking that has been performed in the past allows for better inference and better prior probabilities, but the marginal utility of further risk-taking in order to further correct your priors is (probably) quite small, while for adolescents, the marginal utility is very very high.
As a junior high teacher (a teacher of all boys, no less), I’m impressed that no one has yet mentioned something I see every day: It’s COOL to do stupid things!
Why this should be so, how it can possibly be adaptive, is something I don’t know (and the adults here struggle with every day). But I can assure you that boys earn respect, sometimes even a bit of awe, from their peers for doing dangerous, stupid things. Whether or not they succeed or fail does not seem to really play into the respect they get; the mere fact of having pitched over one’s handlebars while doing something foolhardy with a bike makes you cooler! So I certainly wouldn’t say that they do these risky things for no reward. In fact, they’re being rewarded by one of the most powerful motivators in their present lives.
As for taking risks because they haven’t yet learned from them…well, on the one hand, yes, this is true; not having lived as long, they haven’t faced as many consequences. On the other hand, they also value consequences significantly less than, say, I would. At the beginning of the school year, after that long and glorious period of barely-fettered risk called summer, it is standard for a tenth of my students to be in casts, or to have otherwise suffered grievous bodily harm. Last year I had a kid with a broken skull and another with, for heaven’s sake, a broken hip. (How does a healthy teenage boy break his hip?!?) They and the people around them treat this as perfectly normal, maybe a little bothersome, maybe something that keeps you out of football practice for a bit, but not a serious crimp in your style, something you get over soon enough. It’s hard to see how you *can* learn from the consequences of risk if, really, a broken skull, something that any normal rational adult would be freaking out over for an extended period of time, is no big deal.
I believe there were some studies a while ago on the correlaton between the levels of MAO and risk tolerance. There may be some degree of causation from MAO and other hormones..
From what I can recall, the studies indicated the higher the MAO level, the lower the risk tolerance.
http://cms.psychologytoday.com/articles/pto-20001101-000035.html
” The enzyme monoamine oxidase (MAO), active in the brain. Monoamine oxidase functions as a regulator, keeping neurotransmitters in balance. It could also contribute to the gender and age differences in sensation-seeking and risk-taking….”
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