Robin Hanson writes:
Humans clearly have trouble thinking about death. This trouble is often invoked to explain behavior like delays in writing wills or buying life insurance, or interest in odd medical and religious beliefs. But the problem is far worse than most people imagine. Fear of death makes us spend fifteen percent of our wealth on medicine, from which we get little or no health benefit, while we neglect things like exercise, which offer large health benefits.
Here is the (short) paper. Here is another paper on the same topic, here is Robin’s interpretative take on the authors:
When the salience of death is increased, such as by standing next to a Mortuary, we tend to want to reward heros more and punish prostitutes more. We tend to favor more those who praise our religion and nation and those who criticize others. We become more reluctant to disrespect items like flags or crucifixes. We think we are better drivers, and that others agree with us more. We try harder to divert attention from our less popular features and group identifications. We believe more in the supernatural. People with high self-esteem are mostly immune to these effects.
My take: Bryan Caplan and I have an ongoing debate. He holds the traditional economist’s view that people are usually more rational with more important or more decisive choices. I see important exceptions to this principle. Many critical choices cause people to freeze up, become more dogmatic, distract their attention, or engage in greater self-deception. But I am not as skeptical as Robin is about the benefits of health care expenditures.
Addendum: Try this NBER paper on denial of death.
Tyler,
If Robin is right, and your point that there is a really interesting article by Mark
Kleiman on the fear of death:
http://www.markarkleiman.com/archives/_/2004/03/overcoming_the_fear_of_death.php
His basic point is that hallucinigens help people over come that fear.
I’ve been in a “mystical” state and have indeed lost my personal fear of dying. Mine was brought on by an episode of bipolar disorder, now treated. And my mother’s death, and her lack of planning for it, pushed my husband and I to make sure our own wills were written along with health care directives and estate planning. I don’t think I was afraid of death when I didn’t have a will so much as I didn’t know who to make responsible for my then-young children. Now that they are older it isn’t a big concern, and planning the estate was fairly easy.
I tihnk religion actually promotes the fear of death by convincing one there is some sort of afterlfe that may be heaven or hell. It provides some comfort to those still alive that they may see their loved ones again, though. My most grief-stricken thought when my father died was that I would never see him again, and I hung onto that hope of heaven for a long time. When my mom died, I did hope for heaven again briefly.
These days, I can accept that they are gone, and not long for them, just enjoy my memories of them. But I’m sure a lot of people never get to that state, and as much as they fear death, the thought of seeing loved ones again provides them comfort as they are dying. But accepting that one will someday die, and preparing for the consequences of that, should not be an emotional decision as much as a rational one. Leaving loved ones to deal with years of dragged-out proceedings and a house full of belongings to handle after one’s death is simply not a nice thing to do to people you love.
Fear of death is natural because death as we understand it is not natural, regardless of platitudes to the contrary. Try “Live Forever or Your Money Back” at http://www.lulu.com. Quirky title but an interesting book that might blow your fear of dying by helping you to avoid it!
Your website is beautiful, informative and Excellent.
Article by M.P. Bhattathiri, Retired Chief Technical Examiner , to The Govt. of Kerala. Humble request that it may be published in your website and magazine after editing if necessary
The American justice Dept. have recently approved the power of yoga and meditation vide a recent judgement in the American court.”Man Who Slapped Wife Sentenced to Yoga, It’s Anger Management, Says Judge.” First there was house arrest. Now there’s yoga. A judge ordered a man convicted of slapping his wife to take a yoga class as part of his one-year probation. “It’s part of anger management,” County Criminal Court at Law Judge Larry Standley said of the ancient Hindu philosophy of exercise and well-being. “For people who are into it, it really calms them down. ” Standley, a former prosecutor, said the case of James Lee Cross was unique. Cross, a 53-year-old car salesman from Tomball, explained that his wife was struggling with a substance abuse problem and that he struck her on New Year’s Eve during an argument about her drinking. “He was trying to get a hold of her because she has a problem,” Standley said after the court hearing. “I thought this would help him realize that he only has control over himself.” The sentence came as a surprise to Cross, who was told to enroll in a class and report back to Standley on his progress. “I’m not very familiar with it,” Cross said of yoga. “From what I understand, it may help in a couple ways, not only as far as mentally settling, but maybe a little weight loss.” Darla Magee, an instructor at Yoga Body Houston in River Oaks, said she would recommend that Cross take a basic yoga class emphasizing breathing and including a variety of postures — forward bends, back bends and twists. “Yoga can help us to get rid of many emotional issues we might have,” she said. “It’s a spiritual cleanse.” Prosecutor Lincoln Goodwin agreed to a sentence of probation without jail time because Cross had no significant criminal history http://www.chron.com/cs/CDA/ssistory.mpl/metropolitan/2365341.
Yoga which is one of the greatest Indian co tribution to the world has got vast potential in all fields. In Tihar jail India Yoga is experimented among the inamtes and found successful. Their criminal mentality is changed. This study aimed at investigating the effect of Vipassana Meditation (VM) on Quality of Life (QOL), Subjective Well-Being (SWB), and Criminal Propensity (CP) among inmates of Tihar Jail, Delhi. To this effect the following hypotheses were formulated. 1. There will be a significant positive effect of VM on the QOL of inmates of Tihar jail. 2. VM will have a positive and significant effect on SWB of inmates. 3. Criminal propensity (CP) of inmates will decrease significantly after attending the VM course. 4. There will be significant difference in SWB and CP of experimental (Vipassana) group and control (non-Vipassana) group. 5. Male and female inmates will differ significantly in SWB and CP, as a result of VM. In the famous “Time” magazine the importance meditation and yoga, an ancient Indian system, is high-lighted that the ancient mind- and spirit-enhancing art is becoming increasingly popular and gaining medical legitimacy. It is a multi billion dollar business in US. In many Universities it is accepted as subject and included in the Syllabus. In the latest famous book “Inspire! What Great Leaders Do” written by Mr.Lance Secretan recently published by John Wiley and sons, the benefit of meditation is elaborately described for good corporate governance. By practising transcendental meditation, or TM, many people have got relief from back pain, neck pain, depression. The mind calms and quiets, . What thoughts you have during meditation become clearer, more focused. Anger, anxiety and worries give way to a peace. In the world exhorbitant medical expeneses one can definitely make use of meditation. Maharshi Mahesh Yogi and Sri Ravi Sankar are poplarising this. The Iyengar Yoga institute in US is famous.
In Bhagavad Gita Lord Krishna has inspired Arjuna to rise from his depression by preaching Gita in the battlefield and to rise from the depression to do his duties. In Holy Gita we can see, being hidden by the cosmic overview of any institution beset with myriad problems, not the least of which is its lack of moral probity, there is a groundswell of educated people seeking answers to deeply personal but universally asked questions. Chie Executives taking lessons from yoga, meditation and learning how to deal with human resources equations in an enlightened manner. Individuals from every walk of life can get ideas of how to be better human beings, more balanced and less stressed out.
Medical studies continue to show regular meditation working magic in reducing blood pressure and stress-related illnesses, including heart disease. Brain images show that regular meditation helps calm the most active sensory-assaulted parts of the brain. The ancient Hindu sage Patanjali who had mastered the secrets of the human mind has written a book “Yogasutra”.In this book we can see how super powers can be achieved by meditation. It has both cosmic relevance and cosmic resonance. In spite of its universal appeal, for most people total control of mind remains an elusive goal and daunting task. From time immemorial, there have been many attempts throughout the world to unlock the mysteries of the mind and to achieve total control over it through a variety of techniques. One of the most powerful of these techniques is meditation.
Many spiritual leaders, sages, saints, and holy people such asSri. Buddha, Sri Ramakrishna, Madam Sarada Devi, and Swami Vivekananda have practised this. One of the ways to control physiological reactions to psychological stimuli is meditation, Yoga, Zen Buddhism etc. The scientists take Transcendental Meditation (TM) as the uniform technique, and base their observations on the study of the subjects engaged in this form of meditation. In summing up the results the scientists have come to conclusion that the effect of meditation is a “wakeful, hypo-metabolic state”. They have found that: 1) Yogis could slow both heart rate and rate of respiration, 2) Yogis could slow the rate of metabolism as confirmed by decreased oxygen consumption and carbon-di-oxide output. 3) Electro-Encephalo-Gram (EEG – recording of brain activity) in Yogis showed changes of calmness in the form of “alpha rhythm” during both eyes closed and eyes open recordings. 4) Th ir skin resistance to electric stimulation was increased (indicating increased tolerance to external stimuli). Our usual ‘defence-alarm’ reaction to emotional and physical stress is in the form of “fright, flight, and fight” mediated through over-secretion of certain neuro-transmitters and neuro-modulators, namely adrenaline and dopamine by way of stimulation of sympathetic nervous system. Under the influence of these chemicals and hormones, we reflexively become panicky or aggressive, our blood pressure rises. Thus stress and anxiety is the end result if we allow our natural age-old sympathetic reactions to act and to come to surface. We try to run away, become fearful, or fight the situation. But today these ‘defence-alarm’ reactions have no place in our lives. Rather, they should be replaced by more calm and serene reactions of equanimity and fearlessness. The need is to just ‘face the brute, and it will go away’. Such desirable reactions of non-aggression and peaceful attitude are generated by Y ga and meditation. EEG Studies on Yogis and The Zen Meditations: Yogis practising Raja-Yoga claim that during the state of samadhi they are oblivious to the internal and external stimuli, and they enjoy a calm ecstasy during that state. A study was undertaken to record the electrical activity of their brain during this state by means of a regular and useful test known as electroencephalography EEG. Physiological and experimental studies have demonstrated that the basis of conscious state of brain, among other things, is due to activation of “reticular system” in the brain-stem in response to internal and external stimuli. These stimuli bring about various changes during sleeping and wakeful states of the organism and these can be studied by EEG. The study was carried out on four subjects during the state of concentration and meditation. Effects of external stimuli, like a loud gong, strong light, thermal simulation, and vibrations were studied. The results were compiled and analyzed. It was observed that two Yogis could keep their hands immersed in extremely cold water for about 50 minutes (raised pain threshold). During state of meditation, all of them showed persistent “alpha activity” in their EEG with increased amplitude wave pattern, both during ‘eyes closed’ and ‘eyes open’ recording. It was observed that these alpha activities could not be blocked by various sensory stimuli during meditation. It was also observed that those, who had well-marked “alpha activity” in their resting EEG showed greater aptitude and zeal for maintaining the practice of Yoga. Similar observations and results were obtained when EEGs were recorded in persons adept in Zen Meditative technique. Can we say that only those persons who exhibit such recording of “alpha wave rhythm” in their EEG are fit for Yoga? and be designated as right candidates for meditation and Yoga practices? (Such experiments are indeed very few and the number of yogis examined is also very small. Therefore, scientifically and statistic lly these observations have only a tentative importance. Further research is definitely called for, albeit it will have its own limitations.) It is said that in the unknown period of Lord Jesus Christ , He was under meditation.
Ref. Yoga magazines
Newsweek.com
Newyork times
Time magazine
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As mentioned in the initial blog, people hesitate to write a will or buy life insurance, yet they spend 15% of their income on medicine, yet do nothing else to help in their health such as trying to eat healthier or exercise. This is generally true of folk with low self-esteem, given that “people with high self-esteem are mostly immune to these effects.† The degree to which one fears death plays a significant role on one’s marginal utility of many goods and services. For example, an older person who has had several heart surgeries due to the effects of poor eating habits, i.e., two slabs of pork ribs per week, washed down with plenty of peanut butter milkshakes, etc., would probably gain a greater marginal utility initially from eating more vegetables and consuming more V8 juice due to the fact that death was knocking more often than is the case with folk with healthier eating habits. For patients receiving chemotherapy, the fear of death and marginal utility diminishes the more the person is weakened and sickened by the horrific side effects of the treatment. Death seems to be a better option and the benefits of each additional treatment seems to be less worthwhile than the last.
An excellent example of the law of diminishing marginal utility can be seen in the movie, “Groundhog Day† with Bill Murray. Murray, after having to relive the same day over and over again, finds the idea of death thrilling and exciting, but soon realizes that the more he attempts to “kill† himself, the more he loses the thrill (utility) of doing it and just imperturbably continues to “kill† himself in perpetuity (seemingly). Murray’s situation also applies to the concept of moral hazard. Murray knew that he would have to “kill† himself again and therefore lost the fear that is generally associated with dying. If one believes that he/she is situationally incorruptible or immortal, that person will often become lackadaisical and the utility that comes from using any and all means of trying to save one’s life is gone. So in other words, when Murray was assured that death was temporal in nature, his moral hazard increased, while his “marginal utility† from the thrill and excitement of it all diminished.
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