Can Larry Summers talk me into the stimulus package?

Here is his non-excerptable attempt, via Brad DeLong.  Still I am not convinced.  Using the Law of the Excluded Middle, yes you can get me to agree that the stimulus package is unlikely to do direct economic harm.  I still see the stimulus plan in terms of larger symbolic battles.  We pass too many policies just to show politicians are "doing something," just because it is an election year, just because voters think government should solve every problem, and just because politicians know that voters don’t understand any real economics.  This fits all those categories.  On the substance, I would add that for the U.S. "not going bankrupt" is a matter of degree.  Compared to Brad or Arnold Kling, I’m still a fiscal optimist.  But I’ve spent too much time reading papers on the intransitivity of indifference relations:  "Just another grain of sugar in your coffee, dear.  It won’t change the taste even a tiny bit…"

What Credit Crunch?

Paul Krugman points to the new Federal Reserve senior loan officer survey which reports that standards for commercial real estate loans are tightening creating in Krugman’s words "an incredible credit crunch in progress."

Over at Carpe Diem, however, Mark Perry looks to Federal Reserve data on actual loans and finds that commercial loans from large banks are at an all time high and increasing rapidly.

The credit crunch, if that is what one should call higher standards, appears to be contained to the real estate market.

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Does the quality of blog comments deteriorate?

Forget about MR and its superb commentators, I am talking about the typical above-average blogs.  I often have the impression that the best comments come in the first fifteen or so, after which quality declines precipitously and often exponentially.  Why might that be?

1. The truly smart people only like to make smart points on "fresh" posts.  For instance more people read the comments on fresh posts (but why?), so the
benefit of a quality comment is lower as the post becomes older.

2. As time passes, the chance that a warring twosome find each other, and take over the thread, increases.

3. There is a tendency to attack or respond to the stupidest or most controversial thing said, and the longer the comments thread runs for, the stupider this will get.

4. As the number of comments multiplies, so does the number of independent discussion threads and the optimal number of threads is exceeded.

5. (Addended) As one (early) commentator notes below, the simple fact of diminishing marginal utility.

Might some of these mechanisms also help explain why a) history of thought is "ghettoized" as a field, and b) there is such a high premium to working in hot, new fields?  The general point is that there are increasing returns to scale for high quality discussions; furthermore those quality discussions are quite fragile and require cultivation and subsidization through norms.  Freshness matters, so stale topics will indeed encounter discrimination.

Comments are open, who wants to go first? 

Antitrust Protectionism

Best evidence that the merger between Microsoft and Yahoo will increase competition?

Publicly, Google came out against the deal, contending in a statement
that the pairing, proposed by Microsoft on Friday in the form of a
hostile offer, would pose threats to competition that need to be
examined by policy makers around the world.

Here’s an Open Letter on Antitrust Protectionism (pdf) that I drafted nearly ten years ago during the Microsoft trial.  It’s still relevant today.

Don’t assume that mandates are cheaper

Remember Milton Friedman’s arguments that a volunteer army is more cost effective than a draft?  That is true even though a volunteer army has a higher budgetary cost.  Paul Krugman today does not deny those arguments, but he elides them.  When it comes to mandates he clearly refers to budgetary costs rather than social costs but of course it is the job of the economist to stress that social costs are what matters, not to offer up to the public a comparison of budgetary costs alone.  There are lots of things we could do "more cheaply" with mandates but most of them (not all) are bad ideas.  Today Arnold Kling makes the same point.  Of course Friedman was persuasive on the draft so the argument can be made successfully in a public setting.  Elsewhere Megan McArdle writes:

Now that you are braced for the shock, here it is: comprehensive health care program costs much, much more than the government anticipated.

If you wish to compare notes, here is Krugman’s responseThe piece he links to tells us: "So the “$400 million” isn’t all unanticipated and isn’t all coming from state taxpayers."

The silence of the pundits

French Finance Minister Christine Lagarde said Monday that some internal controls at Societe Generale failed or were ignored before the banking giant announced massive losses attributed to a single trader.

Here is one version of the story.  It’s gotten plenty of news coverage.  It’s gotten relatively little pundit coverage.  It neither fits the pro-market narrative of one side, nor the "blame it on the Bush administration and deregulation and bad U.S. corporate governance" narrative of the other.  By noting the story, and pondering its broader implications ("your favorite hobby horse matters less than you think"), I would like to do my small amount to counteract the silence of the pundits.  By the way, I owe this concept to Daniel Klein.

Squaring the circle on trade

Via Brad DeLong and Mark Thoma, here is Mark quoting Brad:

But as Rodrik points out, "…saying that the impact of globalization
on advanced-country labor markets is quantitatively rather small in the
real world and is overshadowed by other phenomena (such as
technological change) is no different [in the Heckscher-Ohlin-Vanek
framework] from saying that the gains from trade have in practice been
small."  There is a problem of cognitive dissonance here.

I worry about this, but I am not so sure that trade advocates have painted themselves into a corner.  Trade can improve the global economy in at least three ways: a) factor price equalization and the resulting higher output, b) spreading innovations, new technologies, and new products, and c) by improving domestic politics.  The existence of b) and c) means that the gains from trade can in principle be large while the factor price equalization effect is relatively small.  Factor b) points us toward a very favorable opinion of trade.  Rodrik of course also worries about c):

How does Rodrik believe that globalization undermines social democracy?
First, because globalization has undermined governments’ ability to
carry out social insurance programs.

I’m not sure that Rodrik’s view is so uniform on this question; for instance he has a JPE piece suggesting that more open economies are more likely to be interventionist.  In any case my view is that the wonders of Sweden, Denmark and Norway rely very heavily on external trade.  Note that "openness" and "smallness" are distinct but correlated variables here; most likely both qualities are necessary for welfare states of the Nordic kind.  Or look at it from the other side.  In recent times (though it has been changing) Brazil and India were relatively closed to trade, and I don’t see that it led them to take better care of their poor.  International trade also makes countries more tolerant and it makes people more interesting.  That’s the old classical liberal case for trade from Wilhelm von Humboldt and Richard Cobden; let’s not toss it out just because Heckscher-Ohlin came along.

Is divorce bad for the children?

Rereading Tim Harford’s chapter three, this question runs through my mind.  Numerous studies correlate divorce with subpar outcomes for the children, though Justin Wolfers once told me he was not convinced these studies had proved a causal relationship.  Perhaps divorce-prone families have other dysfunctionalities which correlate with the kids having later problems in life and that the divorce is not causing those problems.

My wondering is more fundamental.  Does a marginal (expected) increase in divorce increase or decrease the number of children who end up being born?  On one hand the prospect of divorce may cause some people to limit the number of children they have.  On the other hand, there is a surplus of women on the marriage market.  Divorce, followed by male remarriage or at least siring, tends to increase the total number of children.  I suspect this latter effect predominates.  If divorce is unexpected, this latter effect almost certainly predominates.

If divorce causes more children to be brought into the world, it is hard for me to believe that divorce is bad for "the children" overall.  It’s better to be born, at least for most kids.  You might argue that "children existing now" have a special moral privilege over "children in the abstract."  Sometimes, yes (we don’t value human life at replacement cost), but if we are asking "will divorce be good for children thirty years from now" currently they are all "children in the abstract."

I believe this defense of divorce is consistent with Tim’s overall take.  Of course a person who fears overpopulation might see this as additional reason to oppose divorce or make it more costly.

Predictably Irrational, by Dan Ariely

When we set the price of a Lindt truffle at 15 cents and a Kiss at one cent, we were not surprised to find that our customers acted with a good deal of rationality: they compared the price and quality of the Kiss with the price and quality of the the truffle, and then made their choice: About 73 percent of them chose the truffle and 27 percent chose a Kiss.

Now we decided to see how FREE! might change the situation.  So we offered the Lindt truffle for 14 cents and the Kisses free…

But what a difference FREE! made.  The humble Hershey’s Kiss became a big favorite.  Some 69 percent of our customers (up from 27 percent before) chose the FREE! Kiss, giving up the opportunity to get the LIndt truffle for a very good price. 

That is from Dan Ariely’s new and excellent Predictably Irrational: The Hidden Forces that Shape Our Decisions.  Here is Dan’s book-related blog.  All of a sudden my head is spinning, wondering what a relative price ratio really means (we can’t divide by zero).  Or is this just the Alchian and Allen theorem on steroids, namely the claim that fixed charges encourage the consumption of the higher quality good?  Or I think: "Zero, is there something special about that number?"

There is more on the way in behavioral economics.  There is Sway: The Irresistible Pull of Irrational Behavior, by Ori and Rom Brafman and Nudge: Improving Decisions About Health, Wealth and Happiness, the defense of voluntary paternalism from Richard Thaler and Cass Sunstein, due out later this June and April respectively.

Betting markets in everything, Super Bowl edition

I have found odds on how long Jordin Sparks
will take to sing "The Star Spangled Banner” (wager under or
over one minute and 42 seconds) and which advertisement shown
during Super Bowl will top USA Today’s Ad Meter popularity
contest.  Budweiser is the -200 favorite (bet $200 to make $100
profit), followed by Go Daddy at +300 and Pepsi at +600.   
       

Looking through betting Web sites I have found more than
2,000 different "proposition bets,” the name bookmakers give
to markets that are about what happens around the game rather
than on the result.      

Here is the full story, and thanks to John De Palma for the pointer.  But in baseball, regulators are shutting down one nascent market.